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Aoufous Formation
The Aoufous Formation is a geological formation that contains some of the vertebrate assemblage of the Kem Kem Beds, of Late Cretaceous date.〔Cavin L., et al. 2010. Vertebrate assemblages from the early Late Cretaceous of southeastern Morocco: An overview. Journal of African Earth Sciences 57, 391-412.〕〔Dal Sasso, C., Maganuco, S., Buffetaut, E., Mendez, M.A., 2005. New information on the skull of the enigmatic theropod ''Spinosaurus'', with remarks on its size and affinities. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25 (4), 888–896.〕 Two other formations comprise the Kem Kem beds: the Ifezouane Formation (below the Aoufous Formation) and the Akrabou Formation (above the Aoufous).
The Aoufous Formation was first reported by Dubar (1948) as part of the “Sillon Preafricain”. Dubar described it from a lithological point of view as consisting mainly of clay-sandstones and green marls with gypsum. Dubar dated the sediments to the Albian / Cenomanian stages. Later, Sereno et al. (1996) reported an informal division of the Kem Kem Beds: a lower red sandstone unit ("''gres infrecenomanien''") and an upper marley unit ("''marne versicolores a gypse''"). Because of the absence of hiatuses between and within the three formations, the represented time scale is of around 8 million years, covering the time from the Early Cenomanian to the Middle Turonian. The Aoufous Formation is exposed from the Anti-Atlas and High Atlas mountain ranges up to the Sahara craton, in the southeastern part of Morocco.
== Geological history ==
In the early Mesozoic Era, the main displacement of the African continent was from south to north, in the direction of Europe. The Atlantic Ocean was opening with high rates of expansion. This caused the uplift of the western part of Morocco, causing exposure of Precambrian and Paleozoic rocks, and prevented a continuous deposition of Mesozoic sediments in western Morocco. In the Jurassic Period, most of modern Morocco had already emerged. The first marine transgression is dated to the Early Barremian. During the Barremian-Aptian, two elongated marine gulfs extended northwards along the Middle-Atlas and from the western Essaouira basin. In the Early Cretaceous, Northern Africa was covered with deltaic and brackish environments. These deposits comprise the Kem Kem beds and thus the Aoufous Formation too.
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